Indian Polity:Article 368

There are three types of amendments in India:

(a) Amendment by Simple Majority like a creation of new States.

(b) Amendment by Special Majority. The bulk of the Constitution can be amended in this way.

(c) Amendment by Special Majority by Parliament and ratifications by legislature of half of the state

• Seventh Amendment 1956: Necessitated on account of reorganization of States on a linguistic basis.
• Twenty-first Amendment 1967: Included Sindhi as the Fifteenth Regional language.
• Forty-second Amendment 1976: Provided supremacy of Parliament and gave primacy to Directive Principles over Fundamental Rights. It also added 10 Fundamental Duties. New words – Socialist, Secular and Unity and Integrity of the Nation, were added in the preamble.
• Forty-fourth Amendment 1978: The Right to Property was deleted from Part III. Article 352 was amended to provide ‘Armed Rebellion’ as one of the circumstances for a declaration of emergency.
• Sixty-first Amendment 1989: Reduced the voting age from 21 to 1 8 years for the LS as well as Assemblies
• Seventy-third Amendment 1993: (Panchayati Raj Bill) Provided among other things Gram Sabha in Villages, the constitution of panchayats at the village and other levels, direct elections to all seats in panchayats and reservation of seats for the SC and ST and fixing of tenure of 5 years for panchayats.
• Seventy-fourth Amendment 1993: (Nagarpalika Bill) Provides for, among other things, the constitution of three types of municipalities, reservation of seats in every municipality for the SC and ST, women and the backward classes.
• Eighty-sixth Amendment 2002: Makes education a fundamental right for children in the age group of 6 – 14 years
• Ninety-first Amendment 2003: Amended the Anti – Defection Law and also made a provision that the number of ministers in the Central & State Govts, cannot be more than 15% of the strength of LokSabha& respected VidhanSabha
• Ninety-second Amendment 2003: Bodo, Maithili, Santhali and Dogri added into the VIII Schedule
• 98th Amendment, January 2013: To insert Article 371J in the Constitution which  empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region